Hardware
Web Server:
A web server is a computer that holds the information to display a website. It can be basic in terms of processing power and memory size. It really needs to be running all the time or the website will go down. It needs a fast internet connection. You can run your own web server and host your own website but usually the web server is rented from a hosting company.
Mail Server:
A mail server is an application that receives incoming e-mail from local users and remote senders and forwards outgoing e-mail for delivery. A computer dedicated to running such applications is also called a mail server.
A proxy server is a network that allows you to post through them. Normally when you post something, it has an IP address that identifies you to the website you are accessing. Proxy servers take your message and add their IP address instead of yours so the website you access sees their IP address and not yours.
A router basically assigns an address to everything connected to it and tells it where everything is and by what rules it has to play by to communicate with anything that interacts with it. You can use the firewall in it just like a firewall on your PC to block or limit access to and from the internet or even to other pc connected to it. At the same time, it allows multiple computers to access the internet using a single public IP address. Without a router, you would normally only get one computer per connection.
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